Saeed Cheraghi^{1 *}  and Davoud Esmaely^{2  
1} Master’s Student, Department of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Faculty of Theology and Teachings of the Ahlulbayt, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran (corresponding author). Email: saeed.cheraghi@ahl.ui.ac.ir
² Assistant Professor, Department of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Faculty of Theology and Teachings of the Ahlulbayt, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Email: d.esmaely@theo.ui.ac.ir
Abstract
The expression “But when they became remorseful” is one of the Quranic phrases that lacks precedent in the Arabic language, with its first usage appearing in verse 149 of the al-Aʿrāf Chapter. It is part of the narrative recounting of events from the life of Prophet Moses (P.B.U.H.), specifically the account of his invitation to Mount Sinai, the betrayal of the Israelites, and their act of worshipping the golden calf. This study aims to analyze the meaning of this phrase and explore the reasons behind the diverse interpretations it has inspired. Although Quranic exegetes have implicitly analyzed this phrase, given the emergence of differing viewpoints under the verse and recognizing that understanding the speaker’s intent requires considering linguistic and contextual aspects, it becomes essential to analyze these interpretations beyond lexical, rhetorical, and syntactic dimensions, particularly within the framework of the broader context (siyāq). To achieve this goal, the study examines the thematic framework of the verses and studies and critiques interpretations associating the phrase with meanings such as regret, fear, helplessness, sudden occurrences, and similar concepts. By reflecting on and analyzing textual and extra-linguistic principles, this research demonstrates that the verses with the phrase “But when they became remorseful” narrates a specific incident that provoked reflection among the Israelites and interpreting it as signifying regret, anxiety, or other related emotions is unacceptable.
Introduction
Based on available evidence and documentation, the phrase “But when they became remorseful” first appeared in the Quran and has no recorded usage in pre-Islamic Arab historical or literary sources. Quranic exegetes in their interpretations, and literary scholars, through discussions of rhetorical devices such as metaphors, allusions, and allegory, have sought to elucidate the meaning of this expression. These efforts have resulted in diverse interpretations in the understanding this phrase, some of which, at first glance, seem incompatible with the context of the verse. Therefore, the overall implication of the phrase, particularly within its current context, warrants careful consideration. This serves both to clarify the impact of the lexical analysis of the phrase and the literal or metaphorical usage of its terms, and to highlight the role of linguistics and semantics—without reliance on lexical, literary, rhetorical, or contextual discussions—in understanding its meaning. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the phrase “But when they became remorseful” through a linguistic lens. To achieve this objective, the overarching discourse context of the verses is first examined, followed by an analysis of the specific verse in light of its contextual framework. Subsequently, based on these, the interpretations of Quranic scholars and exegetes regarding meanings such as regret, fear, incapacity, sudden events, etc., are critically evaluated. Finally, drawing on linguistic principles, rhetorical rules, and extra-textual context, an alternative understanding of this phrase is presented.
The Meaning of “But when they became remorseful” from the Perspective of Exegetes
Most exegetes, including Muqatil b. Sulayman, Tustari, Ibn Qutaybah, Fayz Kashani, Zamakhshari, and Fakhr al-Razi, interpret the phrase “But when they became remorseful” as signifying regret. Beyond regret, some also include the concept of one becoming incapacitated or powerless to act. Others, like Shaykh Ṭusi and Tabarsi, interpret it as referring to an encounter with calamity or danger, and the fear resulting from it. Scholars such as Tabari and Ibn Atyyah associate it with helplessness and the futility of efforts, likening it to a prisoner whose hands are tied, leaving them incapable of action. Another group, including Qummi, sees it as referring to the arrival of Moses (A.S.), interpreting saqaṭa as meaning “descending” or “arriving,” thus rendering the phrase as Moses coming down from Mount Sinai.
Linguistic Analysis of “But when they became remorseful”
Linguistic features such as the discourse context (extratextual), the internal context of the verse, analysis of the prevailing discourse in the text, paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations, and the perspective from the morphological structure and semantic scope indicate that the phrase “But when they became remorseful” should be analyzed in the context of reflection and contemplation. To this end, it is crucial to trace the narrative’s progression by examining different verses across various Quranic chapters that recount similar events in the story of Moses (A.S.) because it is very important to understand the conditions that the Quran portrays in order to grasp its guiding approach.
Considering the broader discourse, parallels in the story of Moses (A.S.) and the Israelites are examined in the al-Aʿrāf and Taha chapters, along with depictions of the prevailing atmosphere of that time. Since the chronological sequence of events is segmented across these two chapters, the verses from both are studied concurrently for a more nuanced understanding. Within the textual context and discourse analysis of these chapters, it becomes evident that the prevailing tone and essence of the verses emphasize a call to thought, reflection, and deliberation regret and fear are not the primary connotations of the verses. By examining associative relationships and semantic scope, a new interpretation of the word saqaṭa emerges. When considered in light of the verses’ context and the structural arrangement of sentences, this interpretation suggests that the semantic field of the word is broader than previously assumed, strongly indicating an element of deliberation in the actions of the Israelites. This perspective is further strengthened in the context of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships which contradicts the interpretations of earlier scholars regarding the meaning of the phrase “But when they became remorseful.”
Conclusion
Linguistic analysis, including extratextual considerations, provides an essential framework for understanding and interpreting Quranic verses as sole reliance on lexical, morphological, grammatical, and rhetorical discussions risks overlooking crucial evidence and contexts that influence comprehension. In the story of Moses (P.B.U.H.), given the dominant intellectual atmosphere in the context of the mentioned verse, interpreting it as regret, fear, or similar concepts is not appropriate. The Quran uses the phrase “But when they became remorseful” to describe the event and to convey the idea that the Israelites, after acquiring Samiri’s calf and taking possession of it, were able to inspect the calf with their own hands, and then, upon reflection and awareness of their actions, they realized their mistake.
 
 
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* Received 2 December 2023; Received in revised from 5 March 2024; Accepted 11 March 2024; Published online 20 November 2024
Cite this article: Cheraghi, S., & Esmaely, D. (2024). Comparative interpretation of “But when they became remorseful” (Al-A'raf: 141) with emphasis on linguistic criticism of viewpoints. Comparative Interpretation Research, 10(2), 227‑248. https://doi.org/10.22091/ptt.2024.10472.2316
Publisher: University of Qom                                                               © The Author(s)